# Klinger Volume Oscillator

`D07-F05-A13` · Technical Indicators → Volume Indicators · archetype `series-transform` · difficulty 2/5 · verification **verified**

Full page: https://docs.thefintechbuilder.com/technical-indicators/volume-indicators/klinger-volume-oscillator/
Agent skill: `npx skills add IslamBaraka90/Fintech-Algorithms-Library` — https://docs.thefintechbuilder.com/guides/agent-skill/

## Install and import

```bash
npm install fintech-algorithms
```

```ts
import { klingerVolumeOscillator } from "fintech-algorithms/technical-indicators/volume-indicators/klinger-volume-oscillator";
```

## Signature

```ts
klingerVolumeOscillator(input)
```

Signs each bar's volume force by the direction of the high-low-close sum and weights it by where the close sits in the bar range, then returns the fast EMA of that force minus the slow EMA.

## Parameters

| Name | Type | Required | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| `input` | `TopicInput` | yes | `bars` needs `timestamp`, `high`, `low`, `close` and `volume`. Inside the branch `fast_period` defaults to 34 and `slow_period` to 55 (minimum `fast_period` + 1). The family validates the same two keys first against defaults of 3 and 10, so supplying `fast_period` of 10 or more without also supplying `slow_period` throws on that earlier check. |

## Returns

`TopicResult`

`series` holds a single `value`, the fast EMA of the volume force minus the slow EMA, and `latest` its last element. The warm-up is set by the slow EMA seed.

## Warm-up

The first ``slow_period` - 1 bars (54 with the default 55)` positions are `null`. `ready_at` is 54 on default parameters, so short inputs return `state: waiting` with a null `value`.

## Errors

- When `fast_period` is 10 or more and `slow_period` is not supplied — throws Error
- When `slow_period` is not an integer greater than `fast_period` — throws Error
- When a bar carries a negative `volume` — throws Error

## Complexity

Time `O(n)`, space `O(n)`.

## Worked example

Captured by running this function on the input its own test provides. Real output of real code — but not asserted against a published figure.

### Input

`input`:

```json
{
  "bars": [
    {
      "timestamp": "2024-01-02",
      "basis": "synthetic-unadjusted",
      "open": 100,
      "high": 101.45,
      "low": 98.695,
      "close": 100,
      "volume": 750000,
      "benchmark": 200
    },
    {
      "timestamp": "2024-01-03",
      "basis": "synthetic-unadjusted",
      "open": 101.49111452,
      "high": 103.38381693,
      "low": 100.05480022,
      "close": 101.78791214,
      "volume": 795117,
      "benchmark": 200.56326135
    },
    {
      "timestamp": "2024-01-04",
      "basis": "synthetic-unadjusted",
      "open": 102.45519048,
      "high": 104.6701838,
      "low": 100.91147007,
      "close": 102.9549389,
      "volume": 840234,
      "benchmark": 201.11020913
    }
  ],
  "parameters": {}
}
```

### Call

```ts
klingerVolumeOscillator(input)
```

### Returns

object with 9 fields: topic_id, title, state, ready, ready_at, series, latest, parameters, …

```json
{
  "topic_id": "D07-F05-A13",
  "title": "Klinger Volume Oscillator",
  "state": "calculated",
  "ready": true,
  "ready_at": 54,
  "series": {
    "value": [null, null, null, null, null, null]
  },
  "latest": {
    "value": -13741.12194581165
  },
  "parameters": {},
  "diagnostics": {
    "causal": true,
    "input_count": 96
  }
}
```

## Verification and provenance

Tier: **verified** (via E).

The worked example below is the figure published in this algorithm's article, replayed and asserted by the test suite on every build. The arithmetic cannot drift without the build failing.

Both tiers guarantee the signature. Full explanation: https://docs.thefintechbuilder.com/guides/verification/

Generated from the docs.json payload shipped inside fintech-algorithms@0.13.0.
The signature and parameter list are checked against the compiled implementation at build time,
so a description that contradicts the code fails the build rather than reaching this file.

## Links

- Article (how it works, step by step): https://thefintechbuilder.com/technical-indicators/volume-indicators/klinger-volume-oscillator/
- Implementation source: https://github.com/IslamBaraka90/Fintech-Algorithms-Library/blob/main/src/technical-indicators/volume-indicators/klinger-volume-oscillator/impl.ts
- Package on npm: https://www.npmjs.com/package/fintech-algorithms
- Domain index for agents: https://docs.thefintechbuilder.com/technical-indicators/llms.txt